Influencia del tabaquismo en la formación de lesiones periodontales por nicotina.

Abstract

The prevalence and severity of periodontal lesions are greater in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers and the latter respond less favorably than non-smokers to surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy. The objective was to determine the influence of smoking on the formation of periodontal lesions due to nicotine. A systematic review was carried out that included 21 articles published between 2015 and 2023. Among the mechanisms that can explain the pathophysiology of periodontal lesions due to nicotine in smoking patients are the decreased immune response of the host, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora that facilitates the acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens and the deterioration of periodontal tissues because there is activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, repressing fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament, increasing the generation of reactive oxygen cell species, cytokines/ chemokines, growth factors and breaking the balance of the microbiota. Periodontal lesions that can occur in smoking patients are apical periodontitis, bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets and clinical attachment loss. When comparing the prevalence of periodontal lesions due to nicotine in smokers and non-smokers, it is always higher among smokers.