Factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad periodontal durante el período de gestación.

Abstract

Pregnancy involves a series of changes at the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematological, respiratory, urinary, endocrine, immunological and psychological levels which are reversed after delivery. Periodontal disease has been associated with adverse problems during pregnancy such as preterm birth, low birth weight and length, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and fetal loss. The objective was to determine the risk factors associated with periodontal disease during the gestation period. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out in which 20 articles published between 2015 and 2023 were included. Risk factors such as increased plasma concentration of sex hormones, increased of proinflammatory cytokines and a reduced host response to bacterial infections. Among the modifiable risk factors would be oral hygiene and plaque control that can influence the reduction in the risk of periodontitis and among the non-modifiable ones would be mainly the level of sex hormones in the blood. Periodontal disease during pregnancy is associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, newborns of low weight and size, and in extreme cases spont neous abortion could occur.