El viejo y el mar: un desafío de lucha entre el hombre y la naturaleza.

Abstract

El viejo y el mar by Ernest Hemingway is a symbolic literary work that explores the existential struggle between human beings and nature, addressing universal values such as perseverance, dignity, and resilience. Despite its concise narrative style, the novel reveals a profound philosophical dimension that is often overlooked by superficial or literal interpretations. This study arises from the lack of comprehensive analyses that integrate the symbolic, axiological, and spiritual layers of the novel, limiting its educational and cultural relevance. The main objective of this research was to analyze how the man–nature conflict is represented through the ethical, narrative, and metaphorical structures of the text. The study followed a qualitative approach, supported by hermeneutic and phenomenological methods, and employed data collection techniques such as structured interviews, life stories, and focus groups. The results show that Santiago, the protagonist, embodies inner strength and moral resilience in the face of adversity. Key elements—such as the sea, the marlin, and the sharks—function as metaphors for fate, aspiration, and inevitable loss. Furthermore, the research revealed contemporary interpretations of the human–nature relationship, particularly in connection with current environmental and social issues. In conclusion, El viejo y el mar remains a timeless and globally relevant novel that inspires deep reflection on the meaning of life, the value of perseverance, and the spiritual bond between humans and the natural world.